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circles of experience

Толкование Перевод

1 ámbito de experiencia

(n.) = circle of experience

Ex. Are you saying that books and courses that encourage wholesome questioning and explore wider circles of experience have nothing of value to say to us?.

* * *

(n.) = circle of experience

Ex: Are you saying that books and courses that encourage wholesome questioning and explore wider circles of experience have nothing of value to say to us?.

Spanish-English dictionary > ámbito de experiencia
2 cuestionamiento

m.

1 questioning.

2 interrogation, challenging.

* * *

SM questioning

* * *

= interrogation, questioning.

Ex. These include MUMS (Multiple Use MARC System) in connection with online interrogation and correction of MARC data.

Ex. Are you saying that books and courses that encourage wholesome questioning and explore wider circles of experience have nothing of value to say to us?.

* * *

= interrogation, questioning.

Ex: These include MUMS (Multiple Use MARC System) in connection with online interrogation and correction of MARC data.

Ex: Are you saying that books and courses that encourage wholesome questioning and explore wider circles of experience have nothing of value to say to us?.

Spanish-English dictionary > cuestionamiento
3 preguntas

(n.) = questioning

Ex. Are you saying that books and courses that encourage wholesome questioning and explore wider circles of experience have nothing of value to say to us?.

* * *

(n.) = questioning

Ex: Are you saying that books and courses that encourage wholesome questioning and explore wider circles of experience have nothing of value to say to us?.

Spanish-English dictionary > preguntas
4 ámbito

m.

1 space, ambit, closed quarters, environment.

2 range, scope, purview.

3 terms of reference, brief of study.

* * *

ámbito

► nombre masculino

1 (espacio) sphere, space

■ en el ámbito nacional nationwide

■ en el ámbito de la región within the region

■ de ámbito local local

2 (marco) field

■ en el ámbito de la informática in the computer science field

■ fuera del ámbito de mis capacidades beyond my capabilities

* * *

SM

1) (=campo) field; (=límite) boundary, limit

dentro del ámbito de — within the limits of, in the context of

en el ámbito nacional — on a nationwide basis, on a nationwide scale

en todo el ámbito nacional — over the whole nation, throughout the country

en el ámbito nacional y extranjero — at home and abroad

2) (fig) (=esfera) scope, range

buscar mayor ámbito — to look for greater scope

ámbito de acción — sphere of activity

* * *

masculino

a) (campo, círculo) sphere, field

en el ámbito de la política/la familia — within the sphere of politics/the family

en el ámbito literario — in literary circles

b) ( alcance) scope, range

el ámbito (de aplicación) de la ley — the scope of the law

fuera del ámbito de su competencia — beyond the range of his competence

una empresa de ámbito nacional — a company with outlets/offices nationwide

* * *

= front, scope, milieu, sphere, domain, ambit, shore.

Ex. Present auguries on the resource front are not good.

Ex. Subject field definition arises from the scope of the information service or system that the indexing language is expected to serve.

Ex. These are the kinds of problems that characteristically arise in the complex and continually changing milieu of libraries and media and information centers.

Ex. I am not convinced that people become connoisseurs -- experts: educated and discriminating people in any sphere -- from limited knowledge and experience, no matter how rich in quality.

Ex. The CRONOS data bank includes a FISH domain, with data on catches and fleet statistics, and the COMEXT data bank covers the external trade statistics of fisheries.

Ex. Though the liaison is valuable there is a danger of the National Archives' representatives being too submerged in the President's ambit to be fully impartial.

Ex. People have employed this term to encompass programmes of study stretching from the furthest shores of technology-based activity to the vaguest and most nebulous-seeming courses of study in the arts/humanities areas.

----

* ámbito de acción = territory, sphere of influence.

* ámbito de actuación = sphere of activity, sphere of influence, arena for activity, extent of activity.

* ámbito de aplicación = field of application.

* ámbito de estudio = scope.

* ámbito de experiencia = circle of experience.

* ámbito de interés = sphere of interest.

* ámbito de trabajo = field of endeavour.

* ámbito geográfico de actuación = catchment area.

* ámbito privado, el = private sector, the.

* ámbito público, el = public sector, the.

* de ámbito estatal = statewide [state-wide].

* en el ámbito de = in the realm of.

* entrar dentro del ámbito de = fall into + the ambit of.

* entrar en el ámbito de = fall within + the ambit of.

* * *

masculino

a) (campo, círculo) sphere, field

en el ámbito de la política/la familia — within the sphere of politics/the family

en el ámbito literario — in literary circles

b) ( alcance) scope, range

el ámbito (de aplicación) de la ley — the scope of the law

fuera del ámbito de su competencia — beyond the range of his competence

una empresa de ámbito nacional — a company with outlets/offices nationwide

* * *

= front, scope, milieu, sphere, domain, ambit, shore.

Ex: Present auguries on the resource front are not good.

Ex: Subject field definition arises from the scope of the information service or system that the indexing language is expected to serve.

Ex: These are the kinds of problems that characteristically arise in the complex and continually changing milieu of libraries and media and information centers.

Ex: I am not convinced that people become connoisseurs -- experts: educated and discriminating people in any sphere -- from limited knowledge and experience, no matter how rich in quality.

Ex: The CRONOS data bank includes a FISH domain, with data on catches and fleet statistics, and the COMEXT data bank covers the external trade statistics of fisheries.

Ex: Though the liaison is valuable there is a danger of the National Archives' representatives being too submerged in the President's ambit to be fully impartial.

Ex: People have employed this term to encompass programmes of study stretching from the furthest shores of technology-based activity to the vaguest and most nebulous-seeming courses of study in the arts/humanities areas.

* ámbito de acción = territory, sphere of influence.

* ámbito de actuación = sphere of activity, sphere of influence, arena for activity, extent of activity.

* ámbito de aplicación = field of application.

* ámbito de estudio = scope.

* ámbito de experiencia = circle of experience.

* ámbito de interés = sphere of interest.

* ámbito de trabajo = field of endeavour.

* ámbito geográfico de actuación = catchment area.

* ámbito privado, el = private sector, the.

* ámbito público, el = public sector, the.

* de ámbito estatal = statewide [state-wide].

* en el ámbito de = in the realm of.

* entrar dentro del ámbito de = fall into + the ambit of.

* entrar en el ámbito de = fall within + the ambit of.

* * *

ámbito

masculine

1 (campo, área de acción) field, area, sphere

en tres ámbitos muy distintos in three very different fields o areas o spheres

en el ámbito de la investigación in the field of research

en el ámbito de la política within the sphere of politics

han reducido su ámbito de acción they have reduced their sphere of activity

2

(ambiente): el clima de violencia vivido en el ámbito de la familia the climate of violence experienced within the family

en el ámbito literario in literary circles

3 (alcance) scope, range

fuera del ámbito de su competencia beyond the scope o range of his authority

el ámbito (de aplicación) de la ley the scope of the law

una empresa de ámbito nacional a company with outlets ( o offices etc) throughout the country o nationwide

* * *

ámbito sustantivo masculino
a) (campo, círculo) sphere, field

b) ( alcance) scope, range;

◊ el ámbito (de aplicación) de la ley the scope of the law

ámbito sustantivo masculino
1 (espacio de influencia o actuación) field: su ámbito de poder es reducido, he has a limited field of influence
en el ámbito económico la situación es más crítica, in the economic field the situation is more serious
2 (espacio físico) es una empresa de ámbito nacional, it's a nationwide company
' ámbito' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
campo
- dominio
- esfera
- medio
English:
ambit
- domain
- scope
- range
- scene

* * *

ámbito nm

1. [espacio, límites] confines, scope;

un problema de ámbito nacional a nationwide problem;

una ley de ámbito provincial a law which is applicable at provincial level;

dentro del ámbito de within the scope of;

fuera del ámbito de outside the realm of;
Biol
ámbito geográfico [de una especie] geographic domain

2. [ambiente] world, circles;

una teoría poco conocida fuera del ámbito científico a theory which is little known outside scientific circles o the scientific world;

la violencia en el ámbito familiar domestic violence

* * *

ámbito

m

1 area

2 ( límite) scope

* * *

ámbito nm

: domain, field, area

Spanish-English dictionary > ámbito
5 esfera

f.

1 sphere (figura).

esfera celeste celestial sphere

esfera terrestre (terrestrial) globe

2 face.

3 circle.

las altas esferas de la política high political circles

4 realm, field.

* * *

esfera

► nombre femenino

1 sphere, globe

2 (de reloj) dial, face

3 figurado (campo) field, sphere; (ambiente) sphere, circle

* * *

noun f.

1) sphere

2) dial

* * *

SF

1) (Geog, Mat) sphere

en forma de esfera — spherical

esfera celeste — celestial sphere

esfera terrestre — globe

2) (Téc) [de reloj] face

esfera impresora — (Tip) golf ball

3) (=campo) sphere, field

el proyecto ha sido autorizado por las altas esferas — the project has had the go-ahead from the top authorities o the upper echelons

esfera de acción — scope, range

esfera de actividad — sphere of activity

esfera de influencia — sphere of influence

* * *

femenino

1) (Astron, Mat) sphere

- esfera celeste

- esfera terrestre

2) ( de reloj) face

3) ( ámbito) sphere

en las altas esferas de la política — in the highest political circles

esfera de acción — sphere of action

* * *

= province, purview, sphere, territory, dial.

Ex. The bibliographical control of such items is the province of in-house indexing.

Ex. This article discusses the fact that no library is able to acquire all published material within its subject purview.

Ex. I am not convinced that people become connoisseurs -- experts: educated and discriminating people in any sphere -- from limited knowledge and experience, no matter how rich in quality.

Ex. The report suggests that structural changes within higher education and within the information industry affect the legitimacy, status, and territory of librarians' work.

Ex. Electricity meters usually have four or five main dials.

----

* altas esferas del poder, las = echelons of power, the.

* altas esferas, las = corridors of power, the.

* esfera celeste = celestial sphere.

* esfera de influencia = sphere of influence.

* esfera de la información, la = infosphere, the.

* esfera del reloj = clock face.

* esfera pública, la = public sphere, the.

* ser como una esfera = wrap around.

* * *

femenino

1) (Astron, Mat) sphere

- esfera celeste

- esfera terrestre

2) ( de reloj) face

3) ( ámbito) sphere

en las altas esferas de la política — in the highest political circles

esfera de acción — sphere of action

* * *

= province, purview, sphere, territory, dial.

Ex: The bibliographical control of such items is the province of in-house indexing.

Ex: This article discusses the fact that no library is able to acquire all published material within its subject purview.

Ex: I am not convinced that people become connoisseurs -- experts: educated and discriminating people in any sphere -- from limited knowledge and experience, no matter how rich in quality.

Ex: The report suggests that structural changes within higher education and within the information industry affect the legitimacy, status, and territory of librarians' work.

Ex: Electricity meters usually have four or five main dials.

* altas esferas del poder, las = echelons of power, the.

* altas esferas, las = corridors of power, the.

* esfera celeste = celestial sphere.

* esfera de influencia = sphere of influence.

* esfera de la información, la = infosphere, the.

* esfera del reloj = clock face.

* esfera pública, la = public sphere, the.

* ser como una esfera = wrap around.

* * *

esfera

feminine

A ( Astron, Mat) sphere

Compuestos:

● esfera armilar

celestial globe

● esfera celeste

celestial sphere

● esfera terrestre

globe

B (de un reloj) face

C (ámbito) sphere

en las altas esferas de la política in the highest political circles

esfera de acción sphere of action

esfera de influencia sphere of influence

en la esfera económica in the economic sphere

* * *

esfera sustantivo femenino
a) (Astron, Mat) sphere

b) ( de reloj) face

c) ( ámbito) sphere;

◊ en las altas esferas de la política in the highest political circles

esfera sustantivo femenino
1 sphere: hay tensiones en la esfera política, there are some tensions in the political sphere
2 (de un aparato) dial
(de un reloj) face
' esfera' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
desorbitar
- globo
- terreno
English:
dial
- face
- field
- globe
- province
- realm
- sphere
- domain

* * *

esfera nf

1. [figura] sphere

Comp
esfera armilar armillary sphere;
esfera celeste celestial sphere;

esfera terrestre (terrestrial) globe

2. [de reloj] face

3. [círculo social] circle;

las altas esferas de la política high political circles;

es muy conocido en la esfera teatral he is very well-known in theatrical circles

Comp
esfera de influencia sphere of influence
* * *

esfera

f sphere;

esfera de actividad fig field o

sphere (of activity);

las altas esferas fig: de la sociedad the upper echelons

* * *

esfera nf

1) : sphere

2) : face, dial (of a watch)

* * *

esfera n

1. (en general) sphere

2. (de reloj) face

Spanish-English dictionary > esfera
6 compass

noun

1) in pl.

[a pair of] compasses — ein Zirkel

2) (for navigating) Kompass, der

3) (extent) Gebiet, das; (fig.): (scope) Rahmen, der

* * *

( noun)

1) (an instrument with a magnetized needle, used to find directions: If he had carried a compass he would not have lost his way on the hills.) der Kompaß

2) ((in plural) an instrument with two movable legs, for drawing circles etc.) der Zirkel

3) (scope or range.) der Umkreis

•

- academic.ru/14745/compass_rose">compass rose

* * *

com·pass

<pl -es>

[ˈkʌmpəs]

n

1. (for showing direction) Kompass m

they took a \compass reading sie lasen den Kompass ab

\compass needle Kompassnadel f

2. (for drawing circles) Zirkel m

3. no pl ( form liter: range) Umfang m, Rahmen m; MUS Tonumfang m (of + gen)

to be beyond the \compass of sb's brain/powers jds [geistigen] Horizont/Kräfte übersteigen

* * *
['kʌmpəs]
1. n

1) Kompass m

by the compass — nach dem Kompass

2) pl Zirkel m

3) (fig: extent) Rahmen m; (of human mind, experience) Bereich m; (MUS, of voice) Umfang m

2. vt

compassed about with enemies (form) — von Feinden umzingelt

See:

= encompass

* * *

compass [ˈkʌmpəs]

A s

1. PHYS Kompass m: → box¹ B 10

2. meist pl, auch pair of compasses MATH, TECH Zirkel m

3. Umkreis m, Umfang m, Ausdehnung f (auch fig):

in compass an Umfang;

within the compass of a year innerhalb eines Jahres;

within the compass of the law im Rahmen des Gesetzes;

the compass of the eye der Gesichtskreis;

this is beyond my compass das geht über meinen Horizont

4. fig Grenzen pl, Schranken pl:

keep within compass in Schranken halten;

stay within the compass of sich im Rahmen (gen) halten;

narrow compass enge Grenzen

5. fig Bereich m, Sphäre f:

the compass of man’s imagination

6. MUS Umfang m (der Stimme etc)

7. obs Kreisbewegung f

8. Compasses pl ASTRON Zirkel m (Sternbild)

9. obs Umweg m

B v/t

1. → encompass

2. herumgehen um, umkreisen

3. (geistig) begreifen, erfassen

4. vollbringen, ein Ziel erreichen, ein Ergebnis erzielen

5. obs planen

6. obs einen Plan aushecken, etwas anzetteln

* * *

noun

1) in pl.

[a pair of] compasses — ein Zirkel

2) (for navigating) Kompass, der

3) (extent) Gebiet, das; (fig.): (scope) Rahmen, der

* * *

n.

(§ pl.: compasses)

= Kompass -e m.

English-german dictionary > compass
7 clases altas, las

= upper circles, the

Ex. A recent study of the political elite in Iran reveals that the upper circles have very little in common with the masses, in terms of family background, life-style, language, educational experience, & cultural values.

Spanish-English dictionary > clases altas, las
8 clases altas

f.pl.

upper classes, upper crust.

* * *

las clases altas

= upper circles, the

Ex: A recent study of the political elite in Iran reveals that the upper circles have very little in common with the masses, in terms of family background, life-style, language, educational experience, & cultural values.

* * *

clases altas

upper classes

Spanish-English dictionary > clases altas
9 Industriebetriebslehre

Industriebetriebslehre f IND industrial engineering
* * *

f < Ind> industrial engineering

* * *
Industriebetriebslehre
industrial organization (Br.);
• Industriebezirk industrial area (district), manufacturing district;
• Industriebranche Steine und Erden depletion group;
• Industriechemie chemical engineering;
• Industriedemontage industrial dismantling, dismantling of industries;
• Industriediamant industrial diamond;
• Industriedunst smog;
• Industriedurchschnitt industrial average;
• gesamter Industriedurchschnitt all-industrial average;
• Industrieemissionen industrial issues, (Verunreinigung) nuisance;
• Industrieemission von toxischen Substanzen industrial emission of toxic substances;
• Industrieentwicklungsprogramm industrial development program(me);
• Industrieerfahrung industrial experience;
• Industrieerfahrung mit dem Universitätsleben verbinden to blend industrial experience with academic life;
• Industrieerwartungsland industrial estate (Br.);
• Industrieerzeugerpreise industrial producer prices;
• Industrieerzeugnis[se] industrial product, manufactured article[s] (goods), manufacture;
• Industrieerzeugung industrial output (production), factory production;
• Industriefinanzierung financing of industry;
• mittel- und langfristiges Industriefinanzierungsgeschäft medium and long-term industrial financing;
• Industriefinanzierungsgesellschaft industrial finance (loan) company;
• Industriefirma industrial firm (undertaking, enterprise);
• Industrieförderung encouragement (promotion) of industry;
• Industrieförderungsgesellschaft industrial development company;
• Industrieforschung industry (industrial) research;
• Industrieführer captain of industry;
• Industriegas producer (industrial) gas;
• Industriegebiet industrial area (community), economic territory, manufacturing district, Black Country (Br.);
• für Industriegebiete vorgesehen sein to be zoned for manufacturing enterprises (US);
• Industriegefüge industrial structure;
• Industriegegend industrial section (area), manufacturing district, economic district (quarter);
• Industriegelände industrial site (park, estate, Br.);
• Industriegesellschaft industrial society;
• Industriegesetzgebung factory acts (legislation);
• Industriegewerkschaft industrial (blue-collar, US) union;
• Industriegewerkschaft Bau, Steine, Erden [etwa] builders’ and construction workers’ union;
• Industriegewerkschaftsverband Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO);
• Industriegigant titan of industry, industry giant, business titan;
• Industriegleis industrial track;
• Industriegrundstück industrial property (land), factory site;
• Industriegrundstoffe basic industrial materials;
• Industriegüter industrial goods;
• Industriegüterpreise prices of industrial goods;
• Industrieindex industrial index;
• Industrieingenieur industrial engineer;
• Industrieinvestitionen industrial investments;
• Industrie- und Handelskammer [der USA] [United States] Chamber of Commerce (US);
• Industriekapazität industrial capacity;
• Industriekapital industrial capital;
• Industriekapitän captain of industry, tycoon (US);
• Industriekartell industrial cartel;
• Industrieklassifikation industrial classification;
• Industrieklub economic club (US);
• Industriekoeffizient industry ratio;
• Industriekomplex industry complex, industrial system;
• großer Industriekomplex large manufacturing outfit;
• Industriekonsortium industrial consortium;
• Industriekonzentration territorial (regional) division of labo(u)r;
• Industriekonzern industrial concern (combination, group), conglomeration, industry group;
• Industriekredit industrial credit;
• Industriekreditbank industrial bank, [etwa] Industrial and Commercial Finance Corporation Ltd. (Br.);
• Industriekreditsatz corporation bank rate (Br.);
• Industriekreise industrial circles;
• aus Industriekreisen according to industry sources;
• Industriekundschaft (Werbeagentur) industrial accounts;
• Industrielabor industrial laboratory;
• Industrieland industrial state (nation), industrialized country;
• hoch entwickeltes Industrieland advanced industrial country;
• Industrieländer advanced countries;
• Industrielieferant industry contractor;
• Industrielieferungen industrial supplies.

Business german-english dictionary > Industriebetriebslehre
10 tratar

v.

1 to treat (comportarse con) (persona, objeto).

¿qué tal te trataron? how were you treated?

El médico trata al paciente The doctor treats=cures the patient.

2 to have dealings or contact with.

la traté muy poco I didn't have much to do with her

3 to treat (tema, asunto).

eso lo tienes que tratar con el jefe that's something you'll have to discuss with the boss

4 to treat.

5 to treat (agua, sustancia, alimento).

6 to process (computing) (datos, información).

Ellos tratan el cuero They process the leather.

7 to deal.

Las empresas trataron The companies made a deal.

8 to try, to make a trial, to attempt it, to attempt.

Ella trató por mucho tiempo She tried for a long time.

9 to handle, to maneuver, to manoeuvre.

Ellos tratan sus pensamientos They handle their thoughts.

* * *

tratar

► verbo transitivo

1 (gen - objeto) to treat, handle; (- persona) to treat

■ trató la caja con cuidado she handled the box with care

■ nos trató bien he treated us well

2 (asunto, tema) to discuss, deal with

3 (gestionar) to handle, run

4 (dar tratamiento) to address as

5 (calificar, considerar) to consider, call

■ lo trató de idiota she called him an idiot

6 MEDICINA to treat

7 (datos, texto) to process

8 QUÍMICA to treat

► verbo intransitivo

1 (relacionarse) to be acquainted ( con, with), know ( con, -)

2 (tener tratos) to deal ( con, with)

3 (negociar) to negotiate ( con, with)

4 (intentar) to try (de, to)

■ trata de hacerlo try to do it

5 (versar) to be about

■ trata de/sobre espías it's about spies

6 COMERCIO to deal (en, in)

■ trata en pieles he deals in furs

► verbo pronominal tratarse

1 (relacionarse) to talk to each other, be on speaking terms

■ no se tratan they're not on speaking terms

2 (llamarse) to address each other as, call each other

3 (referirse) to be about

■ se trataba de un atraco it was about a robbery

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

se trata de... it's a question of..., it's a matter of...

■ se trata de averiguar cómo lo hicieron it's a question of working out how they did it

* * *

verb

1) to treat

2) handle

•

- tratar con
- tratar de
* * *

1. VT

1) [+ persona, animal, objeto] to treat

su novio la trata muy mal — her boyfriend treats her very badly

hay que tratar a los animales con cariño — animals should be given plenty of affection, animals should be treated lovingly

te dejo la cámara, pero trátala bien — I'll let you have the camera, but be careful with it o treat it carefully

la vida la ha tratado muy bien — life has been very kind to her, life has treated her very well

este asunto debe ser tratado con cuidado — this matter should be handled carefully

• tratar a algn de loco — to treat sb like a madman

- tratar a algn a patadas

2) (=llamar)

¿cómo le tenemos que tratar cuando nos hable? — how should we address him when he speaks to us?

• tratar a algn de algo — to call sb sth

tratar a algn de vago — to call sb a layabout

tratar a algn de tú/usted — to address sb as "tú"/"usted"

3) (=relacionarse con)

tratar a algn: ya no lo trato — I no longer have any dealings with him

lo trato solo desde hace seis meses — I have only known him for six months

me cae bien, pero no la he tratado mucho — I like her, but I haven't had a lot to do with her

4) (Med) [+ paciente, enfermedad] to treat

me están tratando con un nuevo fármaco — I'm being treated with a new drug

le trataron la neumonía con antibióticos — they treated the pneumonia with antibiotics

¿qué médico te está tratando? — which doctor is giving you treatment?

5) [+ tejido, madera, residuos] to treat

el agua se ha tratado con cloro — the water has been treated with chlorine

6) (=discutir) [+ tema] to deal with; [+ acuerdo, paz] to negotiate

trataremos este tema en la reunión — we'll deal with this subject in the meeting

este asunto tiene que tratarlo directamente con el director — you'll have to speak directly with the manager about this matter

7) (Inform) to process

2. VI

1)

• tratar de — [libro] to be about, deal with; [personas] to talk about, discuss

la película trata de un adolescente en Nueva York — the film is about a teenager in New York

ahora van a tratar del programa — they're going to talk about o discuss the programme now

2) (=intentar)

• tratar de hacer algo — to try to do sth

trataré de llegar pronto — I'll try to arrive early

trata de no ser demasiado estricto con él — try not to be too strict with him

• tratar de que, trataré de que esta sea la última vez — I'll try to make sure that this is the last time

trata por todos los medios de que el trabajo esté acabado para mañana — try and do whatever you can to make sure that the job is done by tomorrow

3) (=relacionarse)

• tratar con algn, trato con todo tipo de gente — I deal with all sorts of people

no tratamos con traidores — we don't have dealings with traitors

no había tratado con personas de esa clase — I had not previously come into contact with people like that

para tratar con animales hay que tener mucha paciencia — you have to be very patient when dealing with animals

es muy difícil tratar con el enemigo — it is not at all easy to have dealings with the enemy

4) (Com)

• tratar con o en algo — to deal in sth

trataban con o en pieles — they dealt in furs, they were involved in the fur trade

3.

See:

tratarse

* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

1) ( intentar) to try

tratar de + inf — to try to + inf

traten de no llegar tarde — try not to be late

tratar de que + subj: trata de que queden a la misma altura try to get them level; trataré de que no vuelva a suceder — I'll try to make sure it doesn't happen again

2) obra/libro/película

tratar de algo — to be about something

¿de qué trata el libro? — what's the book about?

tratar sobre algo — to deal with something

la conferencia tratará sobre medicina alternativa — the lecture will deal with alternative medicine

3) (tener contacto, relaciones)

tratar con alguien — to deal with somebody

tratar con él no es nada fácil — he's not at all easy to get on with

4) (Com)

tratar en algo — to deal in something
2.
tratar vt

1)

a) <persona/animal/instrumento> (+ compl) to treat

me tratan muy bien — they treat me very well

trata la guitarra con más cuidado — be more careful with the guitar

b) ( llamar)

tratar a alguien de algo — to call somebody something

tratar a alguien de usted/tú — to address somebody using the polite usted or the more familiar tú form

2) ( frecuentar)

lo trataba cuando era joven — I saw quite a lot of him when I was young

lo traté un par de veces — I met him a couple of times

nunca lo he tratado — I have never actually spoken to him

3) <tema/asunto> to deal with

no podemos tratarlo delante de ellos — we can't discuss this in front of them

4)

a) <paciente/enfermedad> to treat

b) <sustancia/metal> to treat
3.
tratarse v pron

1)

a)

tratarse con alguien — ( ser amigo de) to be friendly with somebody; ( alternar) to socialize o mix with somebody

b) (recípr)

somos parientes pero no nos tratamos — we're related but we are not in contact with each other

2) (+ compl)

a) (recípr)

se tratan de usted/tú — they address each other as `usted'/`tu'

se tratan sin ningún respeto — they have o show no respect for each other

b) (refl) ( cuidarse)

tratarse bien/mal — to look after oneself well/not to look after oneself

3) (Med) to have o undergo treatment

4) tratarse de (en 3^a pers)

a) ( ser acerca de) to be about

¿de qué se trata? — what's it about?

b) ( ser cuestión de)

se trata de arreglar la situación, no de discutir — we're supposed to be settling things, not arguing

si sólo se trata de eso... — if that's all it is...

sólo porque se trata de ti — just because it's you

* * *

= address, approach, consider (as), cover, discuss, focus on/upon, get to, go into, handle, manipulate, tackle, treat, turn to, broach, give + treatment, play with, speak to, treat, pick up on, meet.

Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado y participio met.

Ex. The inclusion of vendors and publishers allows everyone to address sticky business relationships head-on.

Ex. The searcher may be the end user, but the end user is approaching the search in some ignorance of his real requirements, or of the literature that might be available to meet those requirements.

Ex. A book index is an alphabetically arranged list of words or terms leading the reader to the numbers of pages on which specific topics are considered, or on which specific names appear.

Ex. The schedules are divided into two parts, one covering music scores and parts and the other concerned with music literature.

Ex. This review also illustrates some of the issues which cataloguers have discussed over the years, and demonstrates other solutions to standards in cataloguing than those embodied in modern cataloguing codes.

Ex. In a text such as this which focuses primarily upon controlled indexing languages and systems it is difficult to place natural language indexing in a appropriate context.

Ex. 'I'll get to that, I promise! but right now I have a budget to work on!'.

Ex. Although the description given here is quite lengthy, many points are glossed over, and the Manual goes into these and a number of others at length.

Ex. An author's name is usually shorter than a title, and thus is arguably easier to handle and remember.

Ex. Different stores offer access to distinct types of information or data and permit the information to be manipulated to varying extents.

Ex. Chapter 2 tackles books, pamphlets and printed sheets, and chapter 3 is dedicated to cartographic materials.

Ex. In troubleshooting, it is important to treat the cause as well as the symptom of the problem = En la solución de problemas, es importante tratar tanto la causa como el síntoma del problema.

Ex. We shall turn to this distinction very shortly.

Ex. Some of the consequences of this conclusion are broached in this article.

Ex. Equally serious, authors are often too close to the paper to give it an objective treatment.

Ex. In this five-day workshop we will play with the design and building of non-traditional interface solutions.

Ex. Numerous articles in the library literature speak to this phenomenon but most deal with the experience of larger libraries.

Ex. The author studies the factors which have impeded the spread of information on the use of thioctic acid to treat mushroom poisoning.

Ex. The report picks up on this as a surprising finding, suggesting implicitly that open access journals are lagging behind in this regard.

Ex. There may be a threat of over-capacity; if so, this could be met by diversification, an enlargement of the SLIS role.

----

* aguas residuales sin tratar = raw sewage, raw waste water.

* atreverse a tratar = dare to + tread.

* como si (se tratase de) = as if.

* continuar tratando = pursue + Nombre + further.

* cuando se trata de + Infinitivo = when it comes to + Gerundio.

* de qué se trata = what it's all about.

* difícil de tratar = unruly.

* empezar a tratar = scratch + the surface of, scrape + the surface.

* manera de tratar = avenue of approach.

* no atraverse a tratar = fear to + tread.

* ponerse a tratar + Algo = get down to + Nombre.

* que trata de = surrounding.

* seguir tratando = discuss + further.

* sin tratar = untreated.

* temer tratar = fear to + tread.

* tratar Algo = get down to + Nombre, be under consideration.

* tratar algo en detalle = go into + Algo + at length.

* tratar Algo en profundidad = go into + Algo + at length.

* tratar Algo imparcialmente = treat + Nombre + with an even hand.

* tratar Algo justamente = treat + Nombre + with an even hand.

* tratar Algo sin parcialismo = treat + Nombre + with an even hand.

* tratar Algo sin rodeos = address + Nombre + head-on, meet + Nombre + head-on, tackle + Nombre + head-on, face + Nombre + head-on.

* tratar Algo supercialmente = dabble in.

* tratar como un objeto = objectify.

* tratar como un personaje = lionise [lionize, -USA].

* tratar (con) = negotiate (with).

* tratar con bondad = kill + Nombre + with kindness, smother + Nombre + with kindness.

* tratar con cloro = chlorinate.

* tratar con condescendencia = patronise [patronize, -USA], condescend.

* tratar con más detalle = discuss + in greater detail.

* tratar con precaución = approach + with caution.

* tratar con prudencia = treat with + caution, view with + caution.

* tratar con respeto = treat with + respect.

* tratar de = be about, be concerned with, deal with, take up, bear on, deal in.

* tratar de abarcar más de lo que se puede = bite off more than + Pronombre + can chew.

* tratar de ganar tiempo = temporise [temporize, -USA], play for + time.

* tratar de igual modo = treat as + equal.

* tratar de ligar = chat up.

* tratar de no llamar la atención = keep + a low profile, lie + low.

* tratar de pasar desapercibido = keep + a low profile, lie + low.

* tratar de pasar inadvertido = keep + a low profile, lie + low.

* tratar detalladamente = cover + in detail.

* tratar de un modo sentimental = sentimentalise [sentimentalize, -USA].

* tratar de un modo urgente = fast track.

* tratar en detalle = treat + at length, discuss + at length.

* tratar en profundidad = treat + in detail.

* tratar específicamente = target.

* tratar información = handle + information.

* tratar injustamente = malign.

* tratar justamente = treat + fairly.

* tratar la cuestión de = get to + the issue of.

* tratar la posibilidad de = discuss + the possibility of.

* tratar ligeramente = skim + the surface of, touch on/upon.

* tratar magníficamente = do + more than justice.

* tratar mal = maltreat, manhandle.

* tratar muy por encima = scratch + the surface of, scrape + the surface.

* tratar por todos los medios de = take + (great) pains to.

* tratar por todos los medios de + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.

* tratarse de = come down to, be a question of.

* tratar severamente = mete out + harsh treatment.

* tratar síntomas = treat + symptoms.

* tratar superficialmente = gloss over, scratch + the surface of, scrape + the surface.

* tratar una cuestión = address + constraint, address + issue, address + question, consider + issue, tackle + issue, address + concern, deal with + issue, broach + issue, broach + question, grapple with + issue.

* tratar una cuestión ligeramente = touch on/upon + issue.

* tratar un asunto = deal with + issue.

* tratar un problema = address + problem, deal with + problem, handle + problem, tackle + problem, address + limitation, grapple with + problem, treat + problem, address + concern.

* tratar un problema de pasada = touch on/upon + problem.

* tratar un tema = broach + subject, broach + topic, address + theme, address + topic.

* tratar un tema conocido = tread + familiar ground.

* tratar un tema en detalle = go into + detail.

* volver a tratar = revisit.

* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

1) ( intentar) to try

tratar de + inf — to try to + inf

traten de no llegar tarde — try not to be late

tratar de que + subj: trata de que queden a la misma altura try to get them level; trataré de que no vuelva a suceder — I'll try to make sure it doesn't happen again

2) obra/libro/película

tratar de algo — to be about something

¿de qué trata el libro? — what's the book about?

tratar sobre algo — to deal with something

la conferencia tratará sobre medicina alternativa — the lecture will deal with alternative medicine

3) (tener contacto, relaciones)

tratar con alguien — to deal with somebody

tratar con él no es nada fácil — he's not at all easy to get on with

4) (Com)

tratar en algo — to deal in something
2.
tratar vt

1)

a) <persona/animal/instrumento> (+ compl) to treat

me tratan muy bien — they treat me very well

trata la guitarra con más cuidado — be more careful with the guitar

b) ( llamar)

tratar a alguien de algo — to call somebody something

tratar a alguien de usted/tú — to address somebody using the polite usted or the more familiar tú form

2) ( frecuentar)

lo trataba cuando era joven — I saw quite a lot of him when I was young

lo traté un par de veces — I met him a couple of times

nunca lo he tratado — I have never actually spoken to him

3) <tema/asunto> to deal with

no podemos tratarlo delante de ellos — we can't discuss this in front of them

4)

a) <paciente/enfermedad> to treat

b) <sustancia/metal> to treat
3.
tratarse v pron

1)

a)

tratarse con alguien — ( ser amigo de) to be friendly with somebody; ( alternar) to socialize o mix with somebody

b) (recípr)

somos parientes pero no nos tratamos — we're related but we are not in contact with each other

2) (+ compl)

a) (recípr)

se tratan de usted/tú — they address each other as `usted'/`tu'

se tratan sin ningún respeto — they have o show no respect for each other

b) (refl) ( cuidarse)

tratarse bien/mal — to look after oneself well/not to look after oneself

3) (Med) to have o undergo treatment

4) tratarse de (en 3^a pers)

a) ( ser acerca de) to be about

¿de qué se trata? — what's it about?

b) ( ser cuestión de)

se trata de arreglar la situación, no de discutir — we're supposed to be settling things, not arguing

si sólo se trata de eso... — if that's all it is...

sólo porque se trata de ti — just because it's you

* * *

tratar (con)

(v.) = negotiate (with)

Ex: Their purposes was to settle the disputes between the members, to negotiate with master, to accumulate and disburse a benevolent fund, and to exact contributions for drinks and parties.

= address, approach, consider (as), cover, discuss, focus on/upon, get to, go into, handle, manipulate, tackle, treat, turn to, broach, give + treatment, play with, speak to, treat, pick up on, meet.

Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado y participio met.

Ex: The inclusion of vendors and publishers allows everyone to address sticky business relationships head-on.

Ex: The searcher may be the end user, but the end user is approaching the search in some ignorance of his real requirements, or of the literature that might be available to meet those requirements.

Ex: A book index is an alphabetically arranged list of words or terms leading the reader to the numbers of pages on which specific topics are considered, or on which specific names appear.

Ex: The schedules are divided into two parts, one covering music scores and parts and the other concerned with music literature.

Ex: This review also illustrates some of the issues which cataloguers have discussed over the years, and demonstrates other solutions to standards in cataloguing than those embodied in modern cataloguing codes.

Ex: In a text such as this which focuses primarily upon controlled indexing languages and systems it is difficult to place natural language indexing in a appropriate context.

Ex: 'I'll get to that, I promise! but right now I have a budget to work on!'.

Ex: Although the description given here is quite lengthy, many points are glossed over, and the Manual goes into these and a number of others at length.

Ex: An author's name is usually shorter than a title, and thus is arguably easier to handle and remember.

Ex: Different stores offer access to distinct types of information or data and permit the information to be manipulated to varying extents.

Ex: Chapter 2 tackles books, pamphlets and printed sheets, and chapter 3 is dedicated to cartographic materials.

Ex: In troubleshooting, it is important to treat the cause as well as the symptom of the problem = En la solución de problemas, es importante tratar tanto la causa como el síntoma del problema.

Ex: We shall turn to this distinction very shortly.

Ex: Some of the consequences of this conclusion are broached in this article.

Ex: Equally serious, authors are often too close to the paper to give it an objective treatment.

Ex: In this five-day workshop we will play with the design and building of non-traditional interface solutions.

Ex: Numerous articles in the library literature speak to this phenomenon but most deal with the experience of larger libraries.

Ex: The author studies the factors which have impeded the spread of information on the use of thioctic acid to treat mushroom poisoning.

Ex: The report picks up on this as a surprising finding, suggesting implicitly that open access journals are lagging behind in this regard.

Ex: There may be a threat of over-capacity; if so, this could be met by diversification, an enlargement of the SLIS role.

* aguas residuales sin tratar = raw sewage, raw waste water.

* atreverse a tratar = dare to + tread.

* como si (se tratase de) = as if.

* continuar tratando = pursue + Nombre + further.

* cuando se trata de + Infinitivo = when it comes to + Gerundio.

* de qué se trata = what it's all about.

* difícil de tratar = unruly.

* empezar a tratar = scratch + the surface of, scrape + the surface.

* manera de tratar = avenue of approach.

* no atraverse a tratar = fear to + tread.

* ponerse a tratar + Algo = get down to + Nombre.

* que trata de = surrounding.

* seguir tratando = discuss + further.

* sin tratar = untreated.

* temer tratar = fear to + tread.

* tratar Algo = get down to + Nombre, be under consideration.

* tratar algo en detalle = go into + Algo + at length.

* tratar Algo en profundidad = go into + Algo + at length.

* tratar Algo imparcialmente = treat + Nombre + with an even hand.

* tratar Algo justamente = treat + Nombre + with an even hand.

* tratar Algo sin parcialismo = treat + Nombre + with an even hand.

* tratar Algo sin rodeos = address + Nombre + head-on, meet + Nombre + head-on, tackle + Nombre + head-on, face + Nombre + head-on.

* tratar Algo supercialmente = dabble in.

* tratar como un objeto = objectify.

* tratar como un personaje = lionise [lionize, -USA].

* tratar (con) = negotiate (with).

* tratar con bondad = kill + Nombre + with kindness, smother + Nombre + with kindness.

* tratar con cloro = chlorinate.

* tratar con condescendencia = patronise [patronize, -USA], condescend.

* tratar con más detalle = discuss + in greater detail.

* tratar con precaución = approach + with caution.

* tratar con prudencia = treat with + caution, view with + caution.

* tratar con respeto = treat with + respect.

* tratar de = be about, be concerned with, deal with, take up, bear on, deal in.

* tratar de abarcar más de lo que se puede = bite off more than + Pronombre + can chew.

* tratar de ganar tiempo = temporise [temporize, -USA], play for + time.

* tratar de igual modo = treat as + equal.

* tratar de ligar = chat up.

* tratar de no llamar la atención = keep + a low profile, lie + low.

* tratar de pasar desapercibido = keep + a low profile, lie + low.

* tratar de pasar inadvertido = keep + a low profile, lie + low.

* tratar detalladamente = cover + in detail.

* tratar de un modo sentimental = sentimentalise [sentimentalize, -USA].

* tratar de un modo urgente = fast track.

* tratar en detalle = treat + at length, discuss + at length.

* tratar en profundidad = treat + in detail.

* tratar específicamente = target.

* tratar información = handle + information.

* tratar injustamente = malign.

* tratar justamente = treat + fairly.

* tratar la cuestión de = get to + the issue of.

* tratar la posibilidad de = discuss + the possibility of.

* tratar ligeramente = skim + the surface of, touch on/upon.

* tratar magníficamente = do + more than justice.

* tratar mal = maltreat, manhandle.

* tratar muy por encima = scratch + the surface of, scrape + the surface.

* tratar por todos los medios de = take + (great) pains to.

* tratar por todos los medios de + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.

* tratarse de = come down to, be a question of.

* tratar severamente = mete out + harsh treatment.

* tratar síntomas = treat + symptoms.

* tratar superficialmente = gloss over, scratch + the surface of, scrape + the surface.

* tratar una cuestión = address + constraint, address + issue, address + question, consider + issue, tackle + issue, address + concern, deal with + issue, broach + issue, broach + question, grapple with + issue.

* tratar una cuestión ligeramente = touch on/upon + issue.

* tratar un asunto = deal with + issue.

* tratar un problema = address + problem, deal with + problem, handle + problem, tackle + problem, address + limitation, grapple with + problem, treat + problem, address + concern.

* tratar un problema de pasada = touch on/upon + problem.

* tratar un tema = broach + subject, broach + topic, address + theme, address + topic.

* tratar un tema conocido = tread + familiar ground.

* tratar un tema en detalle = go into + detail.

* volver a tratar = revisit.

* * *

tratar [A1 ]

vi

A (intentar) to try tratar DE + INF to try to + INF

trate de comprender try to o ( colloq) try and understand

traten de no llegar tarde try not to be late

tratar DE QUE + SUBJ:

trata de que queden a la misma altura try to o ( colloq) try and get them level

trataré de que no vuelva a suceder I'll try to make sure it doesn't happen again

B

«obra/libro/película»: tratar DEor SOBRE algo: ¿de qué trata el libro? what's the book about?

la conferencia tratará sobre medicina alternativa the lecture will deal with o will be on the subject of alternative medicine, the theme of the lecture will be alternative medicine

C (tener contacto, relaciones) tratar CON algn to deal WITH sb

en mi trabajo trato con gente de todo tipo in my job I deal with o come into contact with all kinds of people

tratar con él no es nada fácil he's not at all easy to get on with

prefiero tratar directamente con el fabricante I prefer to deal directly with the manufacturer

D ( Com) tratar EN algo to deal IN sth

tratar en joyas/antigüedades to deal in jewels/antiques

los mercaderes que trataban en esclavos/pieles the merchants who dealt o traded in slaves/furs

■ tratar

vt

A

1 ‹persona/animal/instrumento› (+ compl) to treat

me tratan muy bien/como si fuera de la familia they treat me very well/as if I were one of the family

trata la guitarra con más cuidado be more careful with the guitar

2 (llamar) tratar a algn DE algo to call sb sth

¿me estás tratando de mentiroso? are you calling me a liar?

tratar a algn de usted/tú to address sb using the polite usted or the more familiar tú form

a mi suegro nunca lo he tratado de usted I've never called my father-in-law `usted'

B ‹persona›

(frecuentar): lo trataba cuando era joven I saw quite a lot of him when I was young

nunca lo he tratado I have never had any contact with him o any dealings with him

C ‹tema/asunto›

vamos a tratar primero los puntos de mayor urgencia let's deal with o discuss the more pressing issues first

no sé cómo tratar esta cuestión I don't know how to deal with o handle this matter

el libro trata la Revolución Francesa desde una óptica inusual the book looks at the French Revolution from an unusual angle

esto no se puede tratar delante de los niños we can't discuss this in front of the children

D

1 ‹paciente/enfermedad› to treat

2 ‹sustancia/metal/madera› to treat

cultivos tratados con insectidas crops treated with insecticides

■ tratarse

v pron

A (relacionarse, tener contacto)

1 tratarse CON algn:

no me gusta la gente con la que se trata I don't like the people he mixes with

se trata con gente de la alta sociedad she socializes o mixes with people from high society, she moves in high circles

¿tú te tratas con los Rucabado? are you friendly with the Rucabados?

2 ( recípr):

somos parientes pero no nos tratamos we're related but we never see each other o we never have anything to do with each other

B (+ compl)

1 ( recípr):

se tratan de usted/tú they address each other as `usted'/`tú'

se tratan sin ningún respeto they have o show no respect for each other

2 ( refl) to treat oneself

¡qué mal te tratas, eh! ( iró); you don't treat yourself badly, do you?, you know how to look after yourself, don't you?

C ( Med) (seguir un tratamiento) to have o undergo treatment

D tratarse de ( en tercera persona)

1 (ser acerca de) to be about

¿de qué se trata? what's it about?, what does it concern? ( frml)

se trata de Roy it's about Roy

2

(ser cuestión de): se trata de arreglar la situación, no de discutir we're supposed to be settling things, not arguing

si sólo se trata de eso, hazlo pasar ahora if that's all it is o if that's all he wants, show him in now

bueno, si se trata de echarle un vistazo nada más … OK, if it's just a question of having a quick look at it …

3

(ser): se trata de la estrella del equipo we're talking about o he is the star of the team

tratándose de usted, no creo que haya inconvenientes since it's for you o in your case I don't think there will be any problems

* * *

tratar ( conjugate tratar) verbo intransitivo
1 ( intentar) to try;
◊ traten de llegar temprano try to arrive early;

trataré de que no vuelva a suceder I'll try to make sure it doesn't happen again
2 [obra/libro/película] tratar de algo to be about sth;
tratar sobre algo to deal with sth;
◊ la conferencia tratará sobre medicina alternativa the lecture will deal with alternative medicine

3 (tener contacto, relaciones) tratar con algn to deal with sb;
◊ en mi trabajo trato con gente de todo tipo in my job I deal with all kinds of people

verbo transitivo
1 ‹persona/animal/instrumento› to treat;
◊ me tratan muy bien they treat me very well

2 ( frecuentar):
◊ lo trataba cuando era joven I saw quite a lot of him when I was young

3 ‹tema/asunto› to discuss, to deal with
4
a) (Med) to treat

b) ‹sustancia/metal› to treat

tratarse verbo pronominal
1 tratarse con algn ( ser amigo de) to be friendly with sb;
( alternar) to socialize o mix with sb;
◊ no nos tratamos mucho ( recíp) we don't have much to do with each other

2 (+ compl) ( recípr):
◊ se tratan sin ningún respeto they show no respect for each other

3 (Med) to have o undergo treatment
4
◊ tratarse de (en 3a pers)

a) ( ser acerca de) to be about;

◊ ¿de qué se trata? what's it about?

b) ( ser cuestión de) to be a question of;

◊ se trata de participar, no de ganar it's a question of taking part, not of winning;

solo porque se trata de ti just because it's you
tratar
I verbo transitivo
1 (portarse) to treat
2 (cuidar) to look after, care: trátame el libro bien, look after my book
3 (dirigirse a una persona) address: nos tratamos de tú, we call each other "tú" o we're on first name terms
4 (considerar, llamar) me trató de tonto, he called me stupid
5 (someter a un proceso) to treat
6 (someter a tratamiento médico) to treat: le tienen que tratar la artritis, they have to treat his arthritis
7 (tener relación social) la he tratado muy poco, I don't know her very well
8 (considerar, discutir) to deal with: no hemos tratado la cuestión, we haven't discussed that subject
II verbo intransitivo 1 tratar de, (un libro, una película) to be about: ¿de qué trata?, what is it about?
2 (intentar) to try [de, to]
3 Com tratar en, to trade in o with 4 tratar con, (negociar) to negotiate with
' tratar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
censurar
- defraudar
- delicada
- delicado
- drogodependencia
- ir
- girar
- hablar
- mimar
- negociar
- tú
- confianza
- curar
- debido
- huir
- manera
- miramiento
- piel
- punto
- tocar
- trato
- usted
English:
about
- address
- associate
- bid
- clutch
- deal with
- discuss
- form
- grapple
- ground
- handle
- light
- lionise
- mistreat
- muck about
- muck around
- patronize
- peer
- push through
- rubberize
- specific
- squarely
- tactfully
- tout
- treat
- try
- try on
- victimize
- attempt
- bite
- contact
- could
- cover
- deal
- favor
- grasp
- process
- profile
- raw
- seek
- snub
- tackle
- take
- thrash
- untreated
- way

* * *

tratar

♦ vt

1. [portarse con, manejar] to treat;

¿qué tal te trataron? how were you treated?;

no la trates tan mal don't be so nasty to her;

la vida no la ha tratado bien life has not been kind to her;

te dejo los discos, pero trátamelos bien I'll let you borrow the records, but look after them o be careful with them for me

2. [paciente, enfermedad, herida] to treat;

la están tratando de cáncer, le están tratando un cáncer she's being treated for cancer;

el médico que la trata the doctor who is treating her

3. [tener relación con] to have dealings o contact with;

era compañera de clase pero la traté muy poco she was in my class, but I didn't have much to do with her

4. [llamar, dirigirse a]
tratar a alguien de usted/tú = to address sb using the “usted” form/the “tú” form;

no hace falta que me trates de señor there's no need to call me “sir”;

tratar a alguien de tonto to call sb an idiot

5. [tema, asunto] to treat;

el tema que trata la obra the subject of the book;

hay que tratar ese asunto con cuidado this matter needs to be dealt with carefully;

eso lo tienes que tratar con el jefe that's something you'll have to discuss with the boss

6. [agua, sustancia, tejido, alimento] to treat

7. Informát [datos, información] to process

8. Bol [insultar] to insult, to swear at

♦ vi

1. [intentar]
tratar de hacer algo to try to do sth;

trata de comprenderlo, por favor please try to understand;

trataré de no equivocarme I'll try not to get it wrong;

sólo trataba de que estuvieras más cómodo I was only trying to make you more comfortable

2. [versar]
tratar de o [m5] sobre to be about;

¿de qué trata el documental? what's the documentary about o on?;

la ponencia trata sobre contaminación acústica the paper is about o on noise pollution

3. [tener relación]
tratar con alguien to have dealings with sb;

en mi trabajo tengo que tratar con todo tipo de gente I have to deal with all sorts of people in my job;

trata con gente muy rara she mixes with some very strange people;

Comp
RP
tratar a alguien con pinzas to handle sb with kid gloves

4. [comerciar] to deal (en in)

♦ See also the pronominal verb tratarse

* * *

tratar

I v/t

1 treat

2 ( manejar) handle

3 ( dirigirse a) address (de as);

tratar a alguien de tú address s.o. informally, use the tú form with s.o.;

tratar a alguien de usted address s.o. formally, use the usted form with s.o.

4 gente come into contact with

5 tema deal with

II v/i:

1

:

tratar con alguien deal with s.o.

2

:

tratar de ( intentar) try to

3 COM

:

tratar en deal in

* * *

tratar vi

1)

tratar con : to deal with, to have contact with

no trato mucho con los clientes: I don't have much contact with customers

2)

tratar de : to try to

estoy tratando de comer: I am trying to eat

3)

tratar de or

tratar sobre : to be about, to concern

el libro trata de las plantas: the book is about plants

4)

tratar en : to deal in

trata en herramientas: he deals in tools

tratar vt

1) : to treat

tratan bien a sus empleados: they treat their employees well

2) : to handle

trató el tema con delicadeza: he handled the subject tactfully

♦ See also the reflexive verb tratarse

* * *

tratar vb

1. (en general) to treat

me trataron muy bien they treated me very well

2. (ocuparse, tener relación) to deal with [pt. & pp. dealt]

trata con muchos artistas he deals with a lot of artists

3. (hablar) to discuss

se reunieron para tratar un problema they met to discuss a problem

4. (referirse) to be about

la película trataba de vampiros the film was about vampires

tratar de to try to

trataré de ser puntual I'll try to be punctual

Spanish-English dictionary > tratar
11 gain

[geɪn] n

1) ( increase) Anstieg m kein pl; in speed Erhöhung f kein pl, Zunahme f kein pl;

weight \gain Gewichtszunahme f;

a \gain in numbers ein zahlenmäßiger Zuwachs;

a \gain in height eine Zunahme an Höhe;

a \gain in profits/ business/ productivity eine Gewinn-/Geschäfts-/Produktivitätssteigerung

2) econ, fin ( profit) Gewinn m;

net \gain Nettogewinn m, Reingewinn m;

pre-tax \gain Vorsteuergewinn m

3) ( achievement) Gewinn m kein pl, ( advantage) Vorteil m;

personal/political \gain persönlicher/politischer Vorteil;

to do sth for \gain etw zu seinem eigenen Vorteil tun;

( for money) etw für Geld tun vt

1) ( obtain)

to \gain sth etw bekommen [o erlangen];

to \gain access to a person/ building sich dat Zugang zu einer Person/einem Gebäude verschaffen;

to \gain acceptance/ popularity akzeptiert/populär werden;

to \gain confidence [or self-confidence] Selbstvertrauen entwickeln;

to \gain sb's confidence jds Vertrauen erhalten;

to \gain control of sth etw unter seine Kontrolle bekommen;

to \gain entrance/entry [to sth] sich dat den Zutritt [zu etw dat] verschaffen;

to \gain entree into social circles Zutritt zu gesellschaftlichen Kreisen erhalten;

to \gain experience Erfahrungen sammeln;

to \gain freedom/ independence die Freiheit/Unabhängigkeit erlangen;

to \gain ground ( progress) work [an] Boden gewinnen; disease um sich akk greifen; rumours sich akk verbreiten;

to \gain ground [on sb] ( catch up) [im Vergleich zu jdm] aufholen;

to \gain an impression einen Eindruck bekommen;

to \gain insight [into sth] einen Einblick [in etw akk] bekommen, [etw] verstehen;

to \gain knowledge sein Wissen erweitern, Wissen sammeln;

to \gain prestige an Prestige gewinnen;

to \gain recognition [or respectability] Anerkennung finden, anerkannt werden;

to \gain a reputation for being sth sich dat einen Namen als etw machen;

to \gain success Erfolg haben;

to \gain time Zeit gewinnen;

to \gain a victory einen Sieg erringen;

you've got nothing to lose and everything to \gain du hast nichts zu verlieren, aber alles zu gewinnen;

what do you hope to \gain from the course? was versprechen Sie sich von diesem Kurs?;

her performance \gained her international fame durch ihre Leistung erlangte sie internationalen Ruhm;

the party have \gained a lot of support die Partei ist in der Sympathie der Wähler stark gestiegen

2) ( increase)

to \gain altitude [an] Höhe gewinnen;

to \gain confidence/ experience/ competence an Sicherheit/Erfahrung/Kompetenz zunehmen;

to \gain impetus [or momentum] an Schwung [o Kraft] gewinnen;

to \gain strength kräftiger werden, an Kraft zunehmen;

to \gain velocity [or speed] schneller werden;

to \gain weight zunehmen;

my watch has \gained about ten minutes over the last twenty-four hours meine Uhr geht jetzt innerhalb der letzten 24 Stunden 10 Minuten vor;

the share index \gained ten points der Aktienindex stieg um 10 Punkte an

3) ( reach) erreichen;

to \gain one's destination sein Ziel erreichen

PHRASES:

to \gain a foothold Fuß fassen;

to \gain the upper hand die Oberhand gewinnen;

nothing ventured, nothing \gained (ventured, nothing \gained) wer wagt, gewinnt vi

1) ( increase) zunehmen; prices, numbers [an]steigen; clock, watch vorgehen;

once she went off the diet she started \gaining again sobald sie mit der Diät aufhörte, nahm sie gleich wieder zu;

the share index \gained by ten points der Aktienindex stieg um 10 Punkte an;

to \gain in numbers zahlenmäßig ansteigen;

to \gain in height an Höhe gewinnen;

to \gain in weight zunehmen;

to \gain in profits/ business/ productivity Gewinn/Geschäft/Produktivität steigern

2) ( profit) profitieren;

to \gain from sth von etw dat profitieren;

to \gain by doing sth durch etw akk profitieren

3) ( catch up)

to \gain on sb jdn mehr und mehr einholen;

they're \gaining on us sie kommen immer näher ( fam)

English-German students dictionary > gain
12 learning

сущ.

1)

а) общ. изучение, обучение (процесс получения и усвоения информации или навыков, получаемых от преподавателя, из книги, в ходе практических экспериментов или самостоятельной работы и т. д.)

б) упр. обучение, научение (в теории управления знаниями: процесс самостоятельного обнаружения и увоения нового знания)

continuous learning — постоянное обучение

learning efficiency — эффективность обучения

learning of trade — овладение профессией, изучение ремесла

learning tool — средство обучения

The learning of new skills is hard for our senior employees who are nearing retirement. — Освоение новых навыков является трудным процессом для наших пожилых сотрудников, которые близки к пенсионному возрасту.

See:

action learning, active learning, adaptive learning, benchlearning, cooperative learning, distance learning, interactive learning, learning by doing, learning by experience, learning by insight, learning in circles, learning via correspondence, linear learning, machine learning, nonlinear learning, organizational learning, overlearning, practical learning, proactive learning, production learning, rational learning, theoretical learning, vicarious learning, work-based learning, standard learning hierarchy

2) общ. обученность, степень обученности ( подготовленности); навык, уровень знаний, эрудиция

See:

consumer learnings

3) с.-х. обучение, дрессировка

See:

learn, learner

Англо-русский экономический словарь > learning
13 élite política, la

(n.) = political elite, the

Ex. A recent study of the political elite in Iran reveals that the upper circles have very little in common with the masses, in terms of family background, life-style, language, educational experience, & cultural values.

Spanish-English dictionary > élite política, la
14 criminal

1) злочинець, кримінальний злочинець; суб'єкт злочину; особа, винна у вчиненні злочину, особа, визнана злочинцем за судом; особа, засуджена за вчинення злочину; кримінальна поліція

2) злочинний; кримінальний, карний

•

criminal act with a foreign element — злочинна дія за участю іноземця ( іноземців)

criminal investigation department — управління (відділ) карного розшуку, відділ кримінальних розслідувань, кримінальний розшук ( установа)

Criminal Investigation Department — Департамент кримінального розшуку ( лондонської поліції)

criminal investigation technique — = criminal investigation techniques криміналістика

criminal investigation techniques — = criminal investigation technique

criminal jurisdiction in airspace — кримінальна юрисдикція в повітряному просторі

criminal justice system effectiveness — ефективність системи кримінальної юстиції

criminal nature of the activities — злочинний характер діяльності

- criminal authority
- criminal abortion
- criminal abortion act
- criminal abortion law
- criminal abortionist
- criminal abuse of authority
- criminal act
- criminal act on trial
- criminal action
- criminal activities
- criminal activity
- criminal agency
- criminal aggression
- criminal amnesty
- criminal anarchy
- criminal anthropology
- criminal appeal
- criminal area of activity
- criminal arrest
- criminal assault
- criminal association
- criminal at large
- criminal attack
- criminal attempt
- criminal attorney
- criminal bail
- criminal bar
- criminal bargain
- criminal behavior
- criminal behaviuor
- criminal biology
- criminal boss
- criminal breach of trust
- criminal business
- criminal capacity
- criminal career
- criminal cartel
- criminal case
- criminal case study
- criminal casework
- criminal channel
- criminal character
- criminal charge
- criminal charges
- criminal circles
- criminal clerk
- criminal code
- criminal commercial structure
- criminal commitment
- criminal-commitment
- criminal-commitment procedure
- criminal community
- criminal complaint
- criminal complicity
- criminal conduct
- criminal confederation
- criminal connection
- criminal connexion
- criminal conspiracy
- criminal conspirator
- criminal contempt
- criminal conversation
- criminal conviction
- criminal court
- criminal damage
- criminal dealings
- criminal deed
- criminal defence
- criminal defense
- criminal defendant
- criminal design
- criminal detection
- criminal deterrence
- criminal disposition
- criminal district court
- criminal docket
- criminal drug addict
- criminal effort
- criminal element
- criminal elements
- criminal encroachment
- criminal end
- criminal endeavor
- criminal endeavour
- criminal enforcement agency
- criminal enterprise
- criminal environment
- criminal episode
- criminal ethnography
- criminal event
- criminal evidence
- criminal experience
- criminal explosion
- criminal extradition
- criminal field
- criminal file
- criminal fine
- criminal flippancy
- criminal forfeiture
- criminal formation
- criminal fraud
- criminal fugitive
- criminal gang
- criminal geography
- criminal goal
- criminal group
- criminal grouping
- criminal guilt
- criminal habitual drunkard
- criminal history
- criminal homicide
- criminal identification
- criminal identity
- criminal impulse
- criminal in flight
- criminal inaction
- criminal incapacitation
- criminal incident
- criminal industry
- criminal information
- criminal informer
- criminal infraction
- criminal injury
- criminal insanity
- criminal instrument
- criminal intelligence
- criminal intent
- criminal interrogator
- criminal interview
- criminal intrusion
- criminal intrusion
- criminal investigation
- criminal investigative force
- criminal investigator
- criminal involvement
- criminal judge
- criminal jurisdiction
- criminal justice
- criminal justice agency
- criminal justice official
- criminal justice policy
- criminal justice practice
- criminal justice practices
- criminal justice process
- criminal justice system
- criminal label
- criminal law
- criminal law systems
- criminal lawyer
- criminal legislation
- criminal liability
- criminal libel
- criminal lunatic
- criminal machinations
- criminal manufacture
- criminal matter
- criminal matters
- criminal means
- criminal mind
- criminal misbehavior
- criminal misbehaviour
- criminal mischief
- criminal misconduct
- criminal mob
- criminal monopoly
- criminal motive
- criminal nature
- criminal negligence
- criminal obscenity
- criminal occupation
- criminal of ordinary birth
- criminal of war
- criminal offence
- criminal offense
- criminal offence victim
- criminal offense victim
- criminal offender
- criminal office
- criminal omission
- criminal operation
- criminal organization
- criminal participant
- criminal participation
- criminal participator
- criminal pathology
- criminal pattern
- criminal penalty
- criminal personality
- criminal phenomenology
- criminal physics
- criminal physiognomy
- criminal picketing
- criminal plan
- criminal policy
- criminal population
- criminal practice
- criminal presumption
- criminal prisoner
- criminal procedure
- criminal proceeding
- criminal proceedings
- criminal process
- criminal proclivities
- criminal promoter
- criminal propensities
- criminal propensity
- criminal prosecution
- criminal psychiatry
- criminal psychology
- criminal punishment
- criminal punishment system
- criminal purpose
- criminal pursuits
- criminal record
- criminal records
- criminal records office
- criminal regime
- criminal registration
- criminal relief
- criminal remedy
- criminal resistance
- criminal responsibility
- criminal sanction
- criminal science
- criminal sector of economy
- criminal sentence
- criminal sentencing
- criminal side
- criminal society
- criminal sociology
- criminal solicitation
- criminal sophistication
- criminal specialist
- criminal standards
- criminal statistics
- criminal stigma
- criminal structure
- criminal suit
- criminal summons
- criminal suspect
- criminal syndicate
- criminal system
- criminal tendency
- criminal terror
- criminal terrorism
- criminal transaction
- criminal treatment
- criminal trespass
- criminal trial
- criminal twist
- criminal under applicable law
- criminal use
- criminal use of guns
- criminal violation
- criminal violence
- criminal world
- criminal youth
- criminal's counsel
- criminal's description

English-Ukrainian law dictionary > criminal
15 स्व _sva

स्व pron. a.

1 One's own, belonging to oneself, often serving as a reflexive pronoun; स्वनियोगमशून्यं कुरु Ś.2; प्रजाः प्रजाः स्वा इव तन्त्रयित्वा 5.5; oft. in comp. in this sense; स्वपुत्र, स्वकलत्र, स्वद्रव्य.

-2 Innate, natural, inherent, peculiar, inborn; सूर्यापाये न खलु कमलं पुष्यति स्वामभिख्याम् Me.82; Ś.1.19; स तस्य स्वो भावः प्रकृतिनियतत्वादकृतकः U. 6.14.

-3 Belonging to one's own caste or tribe; शूद्रैव भार्या शूद्रस्य सा च स्वा च विशः स्मृते Ms.3.13;5.14.

-स्वः 1 One's own self.

-2 A relative, kinsman; एनं स्वा अभि- संविशन्ति भर्ता स्वानां श्रेष्ठः पुर एता भवति Bṛi. Up.1.3.18; (दौर्गत्यं) येन स्वैरपि मन्यन्ते जीवन्तो$पि मृता इव Pt.2.1; Ms. 2.19.

-3 The soul.

-4 N. of Viṣṇu.

-स्वा A woman of one's own caste.

-स्वः, -स्वम् 1 Wealth, property; as in निःस्व q. v.

-2 (In alg.) The plus or affirmative quantity; cf. धनः; स्वशब्दो$यमात्मीयधनज्ञातीनां प्रत्येकं वाचको न समुदायस्य ŚB. on MS.6.7.2. The Ego.

-4 Nature (स्वभावः); वृत्तिर्भूतानि भूतानां चराणामचराणि च । कृता स्वेन नृणां तत्र कामाच्चोदनयापि वा ॥ Bhāg.12.7.13.

-Comp. -अक्षपादः a follower of the Nyāya system of philosophy.

-अक्षरम् one's own hand-writing.

-अधिकारः one's own duty or sway; स्वाधिकारात् प्रमत्तः Me.1; स्वाधिकारभूमौ Ś.7.

-अधिपत्यम् one's own supremacy, sovereignty.

-अधि- ष्ठानम् one of the six Chakras or mystical circles of the body.

-अधीन a.

1 dependent on oneself, self-dependent.

-2 independent.

-3 one's own subject.

-4 in one's own power; स्वाधीना वचनीयतापि हि वरं बद्धो न सेवाञ्जलिः Mk.3. 11. ˚कुशल a. having prosperity in one's own power; स्वाधीनकुशलाः सिद्धिमन्तः Ś.4. ˚ पतिका, ˚भर्तृका a woman who has full control over her husband, one whose husband is subject to her; अथ सा निर्गताबाधा राधा स्वाधीनभर्तृका । निजगाद रतिक्लान्तं कान्तं मण्डनवाञ्छया Gīt.12; see S. D.112. et seq.

-अध्यायः 1 self-recitation, muttering to oneself.

-2 study of the Vedas, sacred study, perusal of sacred books; स्वाध्यायेनार्चयेदृषीन् Ms.3.81; Bg.16.1; T. Up.1.9.1.

-3 the Veda itself.

-4 a day on which sacred study is enjoined to be resumed after suspension. ˚अर्थिन् m. a student who tries to secure his own livelihood during his course of holy study; Ms.11.1.

-अध्यायिन् m.

1 a student of the Vedas.

-2 a tradesman.

-अनुभवः, अनुभूतिः f.

1 self-experience.

-2 self-knowledge; स्वानुभूत्येकसाराय नमः शान्ताय तेजसे Bh.2.1. अनुभावः love for property.

-अनुरूप a.

1 natural, inborn.

-2 worthy of oneself.

-अन्तम् 1 the mind; मम स्वान्तध्वान्तं तिरयतु नवीनो जलधरः Bv.4.5; Mv.7.17.

-2 a cavern.

-3 one's own death, end.

-अर्जित a. self-acquired.

-अर्थ a.

1 self-interested.

-2 having its own or true meaning.

-3 having one's own object or aim.

-4 pleonastic.

(-र्थः) 1 one's own interest, self-interest; सर्वः स्वार्थं समीहते Śi.2.65; स्वार्थात्सतां गुरुतरा प्रणयिक्रियैव V. 4.15.

-2 own or inherent meaning; स्वार्थे णिच्, स्वार्थे कप्रत्ययः &c.; परार्थव्यासङ्गादुपजहदथ स्वार्थपरताम् Bv.1.79 (where both senses are intended).

-3 = पुरुषार्थः q. v.; Bhāg.12.2.6. ˚अनुमानम् inference for oneself, a kind of inductive reasoning, one of the two main kinds of अनुमान, the other being परार्थानुमान. ˚पण्डित a.

1 clever in one's own affairs.

-2 expert in attending to one's own interests. ˚पर, ˚परायण a. intent on securing one's own interests, selfish; परार्थानुष्ठाने जडयति नृपं स्वार्थपरता Mu.3.4. ˚विघातः frustration of one's object. ˚सिद्धिः f. fulfilment of one's own object.

-आनन्दः delight in one's self.

-आयत्त a. subject to, or dependent upon, oneself; स्वायत्तमेकान्तगुणं विधात्रा विनिर्मितं छादनमज्ञतायाः Bh. 2.7.

-आरब्ध, -आरम्भक a. self-undertaken.

- आहत a. coined by one's self.

-इच्छा self-will, own inclination. ˚आचारः acting as one likes; self-will. ˚मृत्युः an epithet of Bhīṣma.

-उत्थ a. innate.

-उदयः the rising of a sign or heavenly body at any particular place.

-उपधिः a fixed star.

-कम्पनः air, wind.

-कर्मन् one's own duty (स्वधर्म); स्वकर्मनिरतः सिद्धिं यथा विन्दति तच्छृणु Bg.18. 45.

-कर्मस्थ a. minding one's own duty; अधीयीरंस्त्रयो वर्णाः स्वकर्मस्था द्विजातयः Ms.1.1.

-कर्मिन् a. selfish.

-कामिन् a. selfish.

-कार्यम् one's own business or interest.

-कुलक्षयः a fish.

-कृतम् a deed done by one's self.

-कृतंभुज् a. experiencing the results of former deeds (प्रारब्धकर्म); मा शोचतं महाभागावात्मजान् स्वकृतंभुजः Bhāg.1. 4.18.

-गतम् ind. to oneself, aside (in theatrical lang- uage).

-गृहः a kind of bird.

-गोचर a. subject to one's self; स्वगोचरे सत्यपि चित्तहारिणा Ki.8.13.

-चर a. self-moving.

-छन्द a.

1 self-willed, uncontrolled, wanton.

-2 spontaneous.

-3 wild. (

-न्दः) one's own will or choice, own fancy or pleasure, independence. (

-न्दम्) ind. at one's own will or pleasure, wantonly, volunta- rily; स्वच्छन्दं दलदरविन्द ते मरन्दं विन्दन्तो विदधतु गुञ्जितं मिलिन्दाः Bv.1.15.

-ज a.

1 self-born.

-2 natural (स्वाभाविक); आगता त्वामियं बुद्धिः स्वजा वैनायिकी च या Rām.2.112.16.

(-जः) 1 a son or child.

-2 sweat, perspiration.

-3 a viper. (

-जा) a daughter. (

-जम्) blood.

-जनः 1 a kinsman, relative; इतःप्रत्यादेशात् स्वजनमनुगन्तुं व्यवसिता Ś. 6.8; Pt.1.5.

-2 one's own people or kindred, one's household. ˚गन्धिन् a. distantly related to. (स्वजनायते Den. P. 'becomes or is treated as a relation'; Pt.1.5.)

-जातिः 1 one's own kind.

-2 one's own family or caste.

-ज्ञातिः a kinsman.

-ता personal regard or interest; अस्यां मे महती स्वता Svapna.1.7.

-तन्त्र a.

1 self-dependent, uncontrolled, independent, self-willed.

-2 of age, full-grown. (

-न्त्रम्) one's own (common group of) subsidiaries; जैमिनेः परतन्त्रापत्तेः स्वतन्त्रप्रतिषेधः स्यात् MS. 12.1.8. (

-न्त्रः) a blind man.

-दृश् a. seeing one's self; ईयते भगवानेभिः सगुणो निर्गुणः स्वदृक् Bhāg.3.32.36.

-देशः one's own country, native country. ˚जः, ˚बन्धुः a fellow countryman.

-धर्मः 1 one's own religion.

-2 one's own duty, the duties of one's own class; Ms.1.88,91; स्वधर्मे निधनं श्रेयः परधर्मो भयावहः Bg.3.35.

-3 peculiarity, one's own rights.

-निघ्न a. depending on or subservi- ent to oneself; (पुराणि च) निगृह्य निग्रहाभिज्ञो निन्ये नेता स्वनिघ्नताम् Śiva B.25.9.

-पक्षः 1 one's own side or party.

-2 a friend.

-3 one's own opinion.

-पणः one's own stake.

-परमण्डलम् one's own and an enemy's country.

-प्रकाश a.

1 self-evident.

-2 self-luminous.

-प्रतिष्ठ a. astringent.

-प्रधान a. independent.

-प्रयोगात् ind. by means of one's own efforts.

-बीजः the soul.

-भटः 1 one's own warrior.

-2 bodyguard.

-भावः 1 own state.

-2 an essential or inherent property, natu- ral constitution, innate or peculiar disposition, nature; स्वभावहेतुजा भावाः Mb.12.211.3; पौरुषं कारणं केचिदाहुः कर्मसु मानवाः । दैवमेके प्रशंसन्ति स्वभावमपरे जनाः ॥ 12.238.4; Bg.5.14; स्वभावो दुरतिक्रमः Subhāṣ.; so कुटिल˚, शुद्ध˚, मृदु˚, चपल˚, कठिन˚ &c. ˚आत्मक a. natural, inborn; स्वभावतः प्रवृत्तो यः प्राप्नोत्यर्थ न कारणात्। तत् स्वभावात्मकं विद्धि फलं पुरुष- सत्तम ॥ Mb.3.32.19. ˚उक्तिः f.

1 spontaneous declara- tion.

-2 (in Rhet.) a figure of speech which consists in describing a thing to the life, or with exact resem- blance; स्वभावोक्तिस्तु डिम्भादेः स्वक्रियारूपवर्णनम् K. P.1, or नानावस्थं पदार्थानां रूपं साक्षाद्विवृण्वती Kāv.2.8. ˚ज a. innate, natural. ˚भावः natural disposition. ˚वादः the doctrine that the universe was produced and is sustained by the natural and necessary action of substances according to their inherent properties, (and not by the agency of a Supreme Being). ˚सिद्ध a. natural, sponta- neous, inborn.

-भूः m.

1 an epithet of Brahman.

-2 of Śiva.

-3 of Viṣṇu. -f. one's own country, home.

-मनीषा own judgement.

-मनीषिका indifference.

-मात्रेण ind. by one's self.

-युतिः the line which joins the extremities of the perpendicular and diagonal.

-यूथ्यः a relation.

-योनि a. related on the mother's side. (-m., f.) own womb, one's own place of birth. (-f.) a sister or near female relative; रेतःसेकः स्वयोनीषु कुमारीष्वन्त्यजासु च (गुरुतल्पसमं विदुः) Ms.11.58.

-रसः 1 natural taste.

-2 proper taste or sentiment in com- position.

-3 a kind of astringent juice.

-4 the residue of oily substances (ground on a stone.)

-राज् a.

1 self-luminons; त्वमकरणः स्वराडखिलकारकशक्तिधरः Bhāg.1. 87.28.

-2 self-wise; Bhāg.1.1.1. -m.

1 the Supreme Being.

-2 one of the seven rays of the sun.

-3 N. of Brahmā; दिदृक्षुरागादृषिभिर्वृतः स्वराट् Bhāg.3.18.2.

-4 N. of Viṣṇ&u; हस्तौ च निरभिद्येतां बलं ताभ्यां ततः स्वराट् Bhāg.3. 26.59.

-5 a king with a revenue of 5 lacs to one crore Karṣas; ततस्तु कोटिपर्यन्तः स्वराट् सम्राट् ततः परम् Śukra.1. 185.

-राज्यम् 1 independent dominion or sovereignty.

-2 own kingdom.

-राष्ट्रम् own kingdom.

-रुचिः one's own pleasure.

-रूप a.

1 similar, like.

-2 handsome, pleasing, lovely.

-3 learned, wise.

(-पम्) 1 one's own form or shape, natural state or condition; तत्रान्यस्य कथं न भावि जगतो यस्मात् स्वरूपं हि तत् Pt.1.159.

-2 natural character or form, true constitution.

-3 nature.

-4 peculiar aim.

-5 kind, sort, species. ˚असिद्धि f. one of the three forms of fallacy called असिद्ध q. v.

-लक्षणम् a peculiar characteristic or property.

-लोकः 1 one's own form (आत्मरूप); व्यर्थो$पि नैवोपरमेत पुंसां मत्तः परावृत्तधियां स्वलोकात् Bhāg.11.22.34.

-2 self-knowledge; पुष्णन् स्वलोकाय न कल्पते वै Bhāg.7.6.16.

-बत् a. possessed of property; स्ववती श्रुत्यनुरोधात् ŚB. on MS.6.1.2.

-वश a.

1 self-controlled.

-2 independent.

-वहित a.

1 self-impelled.

-2 alert, active.

-वासिनी a woman whether married or unmarried who continues to live after maturity in her father's house.

-विग्रहः one's own body.

-विषयः one's own country, home.

-वृत्तम् one's own business.

-वृत्ति a. living by one's own exertions.

-संविद् f. the knowledge of one's own or the true essence.

-संवृत a. self-protected, self-guarded; मायां नित्यं स्वसंवृतः Ms.7.14.

-संवेदनम् knowledge derived from one's self.

-संस्था 1 self-abiding.

-2 self-possession.

-3 ab- sorption in one's own self; उन्मत्तमत्तजडवत्स्वसंस्थां गतस्य मे वीर चिकित्सितेन Bhāg.5.1.13.

-स्थ a.

1 self-abiding.

-2 self-dependent, relying on one's own exer- tions, confident, firm, resolute; स्वस्थं तं सूचयन्तीव वञ्चितो$सीति वीक्षितैः Bu. Ch.4.37.

-3 independent.

-4 doing well, well, in health, at ease, comfortable; स्वस्थ एवास्मि Māl.4; स्वस्थे को वा न पण्डितः Pt.1.127; see अखस्थ also.

-5 contented, happy. (

-स्थम्) ind. at ease, comfortably, composedly.

-स्थानम् one's own place or home, one's own abode; नक्रः स्वस्थानमासाद्य गजेन्द्रमपि कर्षति Pt.3.46. ˚विवृद्धिः (Mīmāṁsā) augmen- tation in its own place (opp. दण्डकलितवत् आवृत्तिः); तत्र पूर्णे पुनरावृत्तिर्नास्तीति दण्डकलितवद् न स्यात् । न च वृद्ध्या विना तद न्तरं पूर्यते इति स्वस्थानविवृद्धिरागतेति ŚB. on MS.1.5.83.

-स्वरूपम् one's true character.

-हन्तृ m. suicide.

-हरणम् confiscation of property.

-हस्तः one's own hand or handwriting, an autograph; see under हस्त.

-हस्तिका an axe.

-हित a. beneficial to oneself (

-तम्) one's own good or advantage, one's own welfare.

-हेतुः one's own cause.

Sanskrit-English dictionary > स्व _sva
16 élite política

la élite política

(n.) = political elite, the

Ex: A recent study of the political elite in Iran reveals that the upper circles have very little in common with the masses, in terms of family background, life-style, language, educational experience, & cultural values.

Spanish-English dictionary > élite política
17 Language

   1) The Book of Nature Is Written in the Language of Mathematics

   Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)

   2) Arranging Speech so as to Reply Appropriately

   It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)

   3) No Other Animal Has the Language Capacity of the Human

   It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)

   4) Human Beings Do Not Live Only in the World of Objects

   Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reﬂection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)

   5) Language Powerfully Conditions All Our Thinking

   It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)

   6) A List of Language Games

   [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]

   Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it

   Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another

   LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)

   7) Language Constrains Certain Modes of Interpretation

   We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic ﬂux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)

   8) We Dissect Nature in Accordance with Our Native Languages

   We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.

   The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic ﬂux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)

   9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language

   The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)

    10) The Analysis of Certain Types of Utterances

   It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)

    11) The Dictionary of a Language Is a System of Concepts

   In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)

    12) Talk about the Evolution of the Language Capacity is Beside the Point

   In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)

    13) The Development of Language

   [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chieﬂy governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)

    14) Sentential and Conceptual Levels in Language

   he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.

   The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)

    15) Linguistic Realities Have Not Yet Been Captured by Theoretical Models

   The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.

   But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)

    16) The Final Steps to Human Language

   The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)

    17) The Inadequacy of Formal Linguistic Models for Ordinary Language Usage

    t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)

    18) When a Language Is an Abstract Machine

   A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)

    19) Metaphor and Metonymy Underpin the Formation of Linguistic Signs

   Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)

    20) Language and the Analysis of Nature

   It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)

    21) Correspondence Rules for Mapping Old Theory into Subsets of New Theory

   First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....

   Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)

    22) The Inclusion of Non- linguistic Factors in a Theory of Grammar

   If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)

    23) Language Is Inevitably Inﬂuenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction

   Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)

    24) The Genetic Blueprints of Language

   By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)

    25) Languages Are Machines

   Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

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circles of experience

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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circles of experience

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